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Medical and legal glossary: Georgian, English, Russian, German

300 terms you meet in medical documents, in correspondence with clinics and in funding applications, each in four languages with a plain explanation. Search in any language or choose a category.

Medical documents

Form 100 (Form IV-100/a), medical certificate of health status

KA: ფორმა IV-100/ა (ცნობა ჯანმრთელობის მდგომარეობის შესახებ)RU: форма 100 (IV-100/а), справка о состоянии здоровьяDE: Ärztliche Bescheinigung über den Gesundheitszustand (Formular IV-100/a)

The most frequently requested medical certificate in Georgia, in which the doctor records the diagnosis, the tests and treatment carried out, and further recommendations. It is signed by the attending physician and the head of the facility, stamped, and required both by state programmes and by clinics abroad.

discharge summary (epicrisis)

KA: ეპიკრიზიRU: выписной эпикризDE: Entlassungsbrief (Arztbrief)

A short document drawn up on discharge from hospital that summarises why the patient was admitted, what tests and treatment were carried out and in what condition the patient was discharged. A clinic abroad asks first of all for a translation of the discharge summary.

transfer summary

KA: გადაყვანის ეპიკრიზიRU: переводной эпикризDE: Verlegungsbericht

A document drawn up when a patient is transferred from one department to another or to a different clinic. It describes the treatment given so far and the current condition, so that the receiving doctors can continue treatment without interruption.

operation report (operative note)

KA: ოპერაციის ოქმიRU: протокол операцииDE: Operationsbericht (OP-Bericht)

A record written by the surgeon after an operation: what procedure was performed, what was found, what was removed or replaced and how the intervention ended. For a repeat operation or a second opinion, this document carries the greatest weight.

anaesthesia record

KA: ანესთეზიის ოქმიRU: анестезиологическая карта (протокол анестезии)DE: Narkoseprotokoll

The anaesthetist's record of the general anaesthetic or pain relief used during surgery, the doses and the patient's readings, such as blood pressure and pulse. It helps the next anaesthetist understand how the patient tolerated the previous anaesthesia and whether there were complications.

informed consent form

KA: ინფორმირებული თანხმობაRU: информированное добровольное согласиеDE: Einwilligungserklärung (nach ärztlicher Aufklärung)

A signed document in which the patient or their legal representative confirms that the doctor has explained the nature of the procedure, its risks and alternatives, and that they agree to the intervention. Abroad this form is often completed with an interpreter present.

referral letter

KA: მიმართვაRU: направлениеDE: Überweisung (Überweisungsschein)

A document issued by a doctor that sends the patient to another specialist, for a test or to a clinic. A referral letter states the diagnosis and the reason for referral, and for state programmes it is often a mandatory document without which the service is not funded.

sick leave certificate (fit note)

KA: საავადმყოფო ფურცელი (ბიულეტენი)RU: листок нетрудоспособности (больничный лист)DE: Arbeitsunfähigkeitsbescheinigung

A document confirming that a person is temporarily unable to work because of illness or injury. It is issued by a doctor after an assessment of temporary incapacity for work and submitted to the employer to confirm the days missed.

medical certificate of cause of death

KA: სამედიცინო ცნობა გარდაცვალების შესახებRU: медицинское свидетельство о смертиDE: Todesbescheinigung (Leichenschauschein)

A certificate issued by a doctor stating the date, place and cause of death. On the basis of this certificate the civil registry then issues the death certificate, and when death occurs abroad it is also needed to repatriate the body.

outpatient medical record

KA: ამბულატორიული სამედიცინო ბარათიRU: амбулаторная картаDE: ambulante Patientenakte

A record kept at a polyclinic or by the family doctor that brings together visits, complaints, diagnoses, prescriptions and test results. To show the history of a long-term illness, it is often an extract from this record that gets translated.

inpatient medical record (case notes)

KA: სტაციონარული პაციენტის სამედიცინო ბარათი (ავადმყოფობის ისტორია)RU: медицинская карта стационарного больного (история болезни)DE: Krankenakte (stationäre Patientenakte)

The full record of a hospital inpatient: reason for admission, doctors' daily notes, prescriptions, tests and operations. The original stays at the clinic, but the patient or their representative may request a copy or an extract to send abroad.

medical history (anamnesis)

KA: ანამნეზიRU: анамнезDE: Anamnese

The part of a document describing when and how the illness began, what treatment was given before, and what past illnesses, allergies or family history the patient has. Doctors read the medical history at every new consultation.

presenting complaints

KA: ჩივილებიRU: жалобыDE: Beschwerden

The first part of a discharge summary or consultation form, recording what the patient complains of in their own words: pain, weakness, difficulty breathing and so on. In translation this part should be rendered as precisely as possible.

physical examination findings

KA: ობიექტური სტატუსიRU: объективный статусDE: körperlicher Untersuchungsbefund

The data recorded by the doctor during the examination: general condition, blood pressure, pulse, temperature, the findings from listening to the heart and lungs, and more. This part shows what the doctor observed, not what the patient reports.

treatment given

KA: ჩატარებული მკურნალობაRU: проведённое лечениеDE: durchgeführte Therapie

The part of the discharge summary listing every medication, procedure and operation the patient received in the clinic, often with doses and dates. A doctor abroad uses this list to decide what to continue, what to change and what not to repeat.

condition at discharge

KA: მდგომარეობა გაწერისასRU: состояние при выпискеDE: Zustand bei Entlassung

The assessment in the discharge summary of the condition in which the patient left the clinic: improved, unchanged or worse, sometimes with the key readings listed. This entry is taken into account when assessing fitness to fly and planning further treatment, both in Georgia and abroad.

discharge recommendations (follow-up plan)

KA: რეკომენდაციები გაწერისასRU: рекомендации при выпискеDE: Empfehlungen zur Weiterbehandlung (Procedere)

The last part of the discharge summary, where the doctor writes which medications should be continued, which tests should be repeated and when, and which specialist the patient should see. For the family this is the most practical part.

consultation report

KA: კონსულტაციის დასკვნაRU: консультативное заключениеDE: Konsiliarbericht

A specialist's written response after a consultation: what they found, what diagnosis they consider, what tests they think are needed and what they recommend as the next step. When giving a second opinion, a clinic abroad sends exactly this kind of report, often in English.

medical report

KA: სამედიცინო დასკვნაRU: медицинское заключениеDE: Arztbericht (ärztliches Gutachten)

A general name for a doctor's or clinic's written assessment of a patient's condition. A medical report may be requested by an employer, a court, an insurer or a fund, so it is best for it to state for what purpose and for whom it was issued.

multidisciplinary team (MDT) decision

KA: კონსილიუმის დასკვნაRU: заключение консилиумаDE: Beschluss der interdisziplinären Fallkonferenz (Tumorboard)

A joint written decision by several specialists on a complex case, for example on the method and sequence of cancer treatment. When requesting state funding or treatment abroad, the MDT decision is often a mandatory document confirming that treatment locally is impossible or limited.

treatment plan

KA: მკურნალობის გეგმაRU: план леченияDE: Behandlungsplan

A document drawn up by the clinic listing the planned tests, operations or courses of treatment, their sequence and expected timelines. A clinic abroad usually sends the treatment plan together with a cost estimate, which is also used to seek funding.

vaccination record

KA: აცრების ბარათი (ვაქცინაციის ჩანაწერი)RU: прививочный сертификат (карта прививок)DE: Impfpass (Impfnachweis)

A record of which vaccines a person has received, when and in what dose. Before a child's treatment, studies or transplant abroad, the foreign clinic often asks specifically for a translation of the vaccination record.

fit-to-fly certificate

KA: ცნობა ფრენისთვის ვარგისიანობის შესახებRU: справка о возможности авиаперелётаDE: Flugtauglichkeitsbescheinigung

A doctor's certificate stating that the patient can travel by plane and, if necessary, under what conditions: with oxygen, with an escort or on a stretcher. Airlines often require it to have been issued a few days before the flight.

MEDIF (Medical Information Form)

KA: MEDIF ფორმაRU: форма MEDIFDE: MEDIF-Formular

An airline's standard medical form, completed by the attending physician when a passenger needs special assistance during the flight, such as oxygen or a stretcher. The airline's doctor reviews the form and only then approves carrying the patient.

autopsy report

KA: პათოლოგანატომიური გაკვეთის ოქმიRU: протокол патологоанатомического вскрытияDE: Obduktionsbericht

A document drawn up by a pathologist after a post-mortem examination, establishing the cause of death and any accompanying changes found in the organs. The family may need it for insurance, court proceedings, an inheritance case or to assess a hereditary disease.

copy of medical records

KA: სამედიცინო დოკუმენტაციის ასლიRU: копия медицинской документацииDE: Kopie der Patientenakte

A copy of the patient's medical records certified by the clinic with a signature and stamp. Under Georgian law, patients have the right to receive information and copies from their own medical records, which is the first step in preparing for treatment abroad.

extract from the medical record

KA: ამონაწერი სამედიცინო ბარათიდანRU: выписка из медицинской картыDE: Auszug aus der Patientenakte

The key information taken from the medical record in short form: diagnoses, important tests, operations and treatment. An extract is much shorter than the full record, so translating it is quicker and cheaper, and it is often quite sufficient for a doctor abroad.

request for medical records

KA: განცხადება სამედიცინო დოკუმენტაციის გაცემის შესახებRU: заявление о выдаче медицинской документацииDE: Antrag auf Herausgabe der Patientenunterlagen

A written request asking a clinic to issue a discharge summary, copies of test results or an imaging study on disc. If a relative writes the application instead of the patient, the clinic usually asks for a power of attorney or a document proving kinship or legal representation.

certificate of hospital stay

KA: ცნობა სტაციონარულ მკურნალობაზე ყოფნის შესახებRU: справка о нахождении на стационарном леченииDE: Bescheinigung über den stationären Aufenthalt

A short certificate confirming that the patient was treated as an inpatient at the clinic on certain dates, without detailed medical information. It is requested by employers, educational institutions, insurance companies and sometimes consular services, for example when extending a visa.

electronic health record

KA: ელექტრონული სამედიცინო ჩანაწერიRU: электронная медицинская картаDE: elektronische Patientenakte (ePA)

A patient's medical information stored in a clinic's or the state's electronic system instead of on paper. A document printed from such a record may still need the clinic's signature and stamp for use abroad, and sometimes an apostille as well.

attending physician

KA: მკურნალი ექიმიRU: лечащий врачDE: behandelnder Arzt

The doctor responsible for a patient's treatment at a particular clinic, who signs the patient's main medical documents. A clinic abroad often also asks for the attending physician's name and contact details so it can contact the colleague directly if needed.

head of department

KA: განყოფილების გამგეRU: заведующий отделениемDE: Chefarzt (Abteilungsleiter)

The doctor who runs a particular department of a clinic and is accountable for the quality of treatment there. Some documents, such as the discharge summary and the MDT decision, also require the head of department's signature alongside the attending physician's.

official stamp of the medical facility

KA: სამედიცინო დაწესებულების ბეჭედიRU: печать медицинского учрежденияDE: Stempel der Einrichtung (Klinikstempel)

The official stamp of a medical facility, which confirms that a document is authentic. Without the stamp and the signature of an authorised person, a clinic abroad, the authority issuing the apostille or a fund may refuse to accept a discharge summary or Form 100.

consent to the processing of personal (health) data

KA: თანხმობა პერსონალური მონაცემების დამუშავებაზეRU: согласие на обработку персональных данныхDE: Einwilligung in die Datenverarbeitung (Schweigepflichtentbindung)

A document by which the patient allows a clinic or intermediary to pass their health data on to another clinic, a translator or a fund. Health data belong to a special category of personal data, so consent must be given clearly and in writing.

refusal of treatment form

KA: უარი სამედიცინო ჩარევაზეRU: отказ от медицинского вмешательстваDE: Erklärung über die Ablehnung einer Behandlung

A signed document in which the patient or their legal representative confirms that the doctor explained the risks but they still decline the proposed test, operation or treatment. Such a refusal is kept in the medical record.

discharge against medical advice

KA: გაწერა პაციენტის მოთხოვნითRU: выписка по собственному желаниюDE: Entlassung gegen ärztlichen Rat

A situation in which the patient or family leaves the clinic before treatment is complete, for example to transfer to another country. In this case they usually sign a document stating that the risks were explained, and a discharge summary is still issued.

ambulance call record

KA: სასწრაფო სამედიცინო დახმარების გამოძახების ბარათიRU: карта вызова скорой медицинской помощиDE: Einsatzprotokoll des Rettungsdienstes

The emergency medical team's record of a call-out: the condition in which they found the patient, what help was given on site and which clinic the patient was taken to. In case of injury or sudden illness it may also be useful for insurance and further treatment.

invitation letter from the clinic

KA: კლინიკის მოსაწვევი წერილიRU: приглашение от клиникиDE: Einladungsschreiben der Klinik

An official letter from a foreign clinic confirming that the patient is being accepted for treatment, often including the visit dates and the estimated cost of treatment. When applying for a medical visa, this letter is one of the main documents the embassy checks.

doctor-to-doctor letter

KA: ექიმის წერილი კოლეგისთვისRU: письмо врача коллегеDE: Arztbrief an den weiterbehandelnden Kollegen

A short letter from a Georgian doctor to a colleague abroad, describing the case, the main questions and the expectations. It complements the discharge summary and helps the receiving clinic quickly understand what the patient needs.

laboratory test results

KA: ანალიზების პასუხებიRU: результаты анализовDE: Laborbefunde

Forms issued by a laboratory with the results of blood, urine and other tests, including units and reference ranges. A clinic abroad usually asks for results from the last few weeks, so before translating it is worth checking which dates are needed.

Diagnoses and conditions

International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)

KA: დაავადებათა საერთაშორისო კლასიფიკაცია (ICD-10)RU: Международная классификация болезней (МКБ-10)DE: Internationale Klassifikation der Krankheiten (ICD-10)

The World Health Organization's coding system in which every disease has an alphanumeric code, for example C50 for a malignant tumour of the breast. The code is the same in every language, so it carries over unchanged in translation.

principal diagnosis

KA: ძირითადი დიაგნოზიRU: основной диагнозDE: Hauptdiagnose

The disease for which the patient is mainly being treated or because of which they were admitted to the clinic. Funding programmes and clinics abroad set costs and the treatment plan according to the principal diagnosis.

comorbidities

KA: თანმხლები დაავადებებიRU: сопутствующие заболеванияDE: Begleiterkrankungen (Komorbiditäten)

Diseases a patient has in addition to the principal diagnosis, for example diabetes mellitus or arterial hypertension. They affect surgical risk, anaesthesia and the choice of medications, so no comorbidity should be left out of the translation.

complication

KA: გართულებაRU: осложнениеDE: Komplikation

A new problem that develops during the course of the underlying disease or its treatment, for example a wound infection after surgery, or bleeding. In the diagnosis entry, complications are usually written on a separate line, after the principal diagnosis and comorbidities.

provisional (working) diagnosis

KA: წინასწარი დიაგნოზიRU: предварительный диагнозDE: Verdachtsdiagnose

The diagnosis a doctor suspects before tests are complete, based on the complaints and the initial examination. It may change once laboratory, biopsy or imaging results arrive, so documents often record it separately from the final diagnosis.

differential diagnosis

KA: დიფერენციული დიაგნოზიRU: дифференциальный диагнозDE: Differenzialdiagnose

A list of diseases with similar symptoms among which the doctor is looking for the correct diagnosis. If a document states a differential diagnosis, it usually means that additional tests or consultations may be needed to reach a final answer.

remission

KA: რემისიაRU: ремиссияDE: Remission

A reduction or disappearance of the signs of disease after treatment, confirmed by laboratory tests and investigations. Complete remission means the disease is no longer visible on tests, while partial remission means it has shrunk but not disappeared entirely.

relapse (recurrence)

KA: რეციდივიRU: рецидивDE: Rezidiv

The return of a disease after remission or successful treatment, sometimes even several months or years later. In oncology a relapse often means a new treatment plan is needed, and at this point families often seek a second opinion abroad.

stage

KA: სტადიაRU: стадияDE: Stadium

The extent of spread of a disease, especially a tumour, usually given in Roman numerals from I to IV, sometimes with additional letters. The stage largely determines treatment choice and prognosis, so it must be carried over into the translation exactly, without change.

TNM classification

KA: TNM კლასიფიკაციაRU: классификация TNMDE: TNM-Klassifikation

An international system for describing a tumour: T stands for the size and extent of the primary tumour, N for the regional lymph nodes and M for distant metastases. An entry such as T2N1M0 is written the same way in every language and does not change in translation.

malignant tumour

KA: ავთვისებიანი სიმსივნეRU: злокачественная опухольDE: bösartiger Tumor (Malignom)

A tumour whose cells can invade nearby tissues and spread through the blood or lymph to other parts of the body. In everyday speech it is called cancer, and the exact type and subtype of the tumour are determined by histological examination.

benign tumour

KA: კეთილთვისებიანი სიმსივნეRU: доброкачественная опухольDE: gutartiger Tumor

A tumour that does not invade neighbouring tissues or spread to other parts of the body. Sometimes it still needs to be removed, if it presses on organs, causes symptoms or its nature has not been fully established by tests.

metastasis

KA: მეტასტაზიRU: метастазDE: Metastase

A tumour focus that has spread from the primary tumour through the blood or lymph to another part of the body, such as the liver, lungs or bones. The presence of metastases significantly changes the tumour's stage and the treatment plan, so it is noted separately in the report.

lymphoma

KA: ლიმფომაRU: лимфомаDE: Lymphom

A malignant disease of the lymphatic system that usually starts in the lymph nodes, although it can also develop in other organs. There are Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and the exact type is determined by biopsy and immunohistochemistry.

leukaemia

KA: ლეიკემიაRU: лейкоз (лейкемия)DE: Leukämie

A malignant disease of the blood-forming system in which the bone marrow produces large numbers of abnormal blood cells. It may be acute or chronic, lymphoblastic or myeloid, which largely determines the choice of treatment.

multiple myeloma

KA: მრავლობითი მიელომაRU: множественная миеломаDE: multiples Myelom

A malignant blood disease in which plasma cells multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow. It often damages the bones and kidneys and causes anaemia, and treatment sometimes includes a transplant of the patient's own stem cells.

breast cancer

KA: ძუძუს კიბოRU: рак молочной железыDE: Brustkrebs (Mammakarzinom)

A malignant tumour of the mammary gland and the most common cancer in women. The choice of treatment depends largely on the stage and immunohistochemical markers, such as hormone receptors and HER2, so these data must be carried over into the translation exactly.

lung cancer

KA: ფილტვის კიბოRU: рак лёгкогоDE: Lungenkrebs (Bronchialkarzinom)

A malignant tumour of the lung, divided into two main groups: small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Treatment planning often also requires molecular testing of the tumour, because special targeted drugs are used for certain mutations.

glioblastoma

KA: გლიობლასტომაRU: глиобластомаDE: Glioblastom

The most aggressive primary brain tumour, which develops from glial cells, the cells that support nerve cells. Treatment usually combines surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and families often seek a second opinion abroad.

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

KA: მიოკარდიუმის ინფარქტიRU: инфаркт миокардаDE: Myokardinfarkt (Herzinfarkt)

Damage to part of the heart muscle that develops when its blood supply is suddenly cut off, usually because a coronary artery is blocked by a clot. It is an emergency and often requires urgent coronary angiography and stenting.

coronary heart disease

KA: გულის იშემიური დაავადებაRU: ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС)DE: koronare Herzkrankheit (KHK)

A condition in which the coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle narrow and the heart does not receive enough blood and oxygen. It may show up as chest pain on exertion and, in severe cases, as a myocardial infarction.

heart failure

KA: გულის უკმარისობაRU: сердечная недостаточностьDE: Herzinsuffizienz

A condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body and the organs are not adequately supplied. It is characterised by breathlessness, fatigue and swelling of the legs, and its severity is often recorded in documents as NYHA class I to IV.

arterial hypertension (high blood pressure)

KA: არტერიული ჰიპერტენზიაRU: артериальная гипертензияDE: arterielle Hypertonie (Bluthochdruck)

A persistently raised level of blood pressure, diagnosed after several measurements. It often causes no symptoms but increases the risk of stroke, heart attack and kidney damage, so it is always recorded as a comorbidity.

atrial fibrillation

KA: წინაგულების ფიბრილაციაRU: фибрилляция предсердийDE: Vorhofflimmern

The most common form of heart rhythm disorder, in which the atria contract chaotically. It increases the risk of blood clots and stroke, so patients are often prescribed a blood-thinning medicine.

congenital heart defect

KA: გულის თანდაყოლილი მანკიRU: врождённый порок сердцаDE: angeborener Herzfehler

A defect in the structure of the heart or great vessels that is present from birth and is sometimes detected by ultrasound during pregnancy. Some defects need no intervention, while others require surgery or catheter treatment at an early age.

ischaemic stroke

KA: იშემიური ინსულტიRU: ишемический инсультDE: ischämischer Schlaganfall (Hirninfarkt)

Damage to part of the brain caused by a cerebral blood vessel being blocked by a clot or embolus. It is an emergency in which the outcome of treatment depends largely on time, and at the later stage long-term rehabilitation becomes the priority.

haemorrhagic stroke

KA: ჰემორაგიული ინსულტიRU: геморрагический инсультDE: hämorrhagischer Schlaganfall (Hirnblutung)

A form of stroke in which a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeding occurs into the brain tissue or between its membranes. Common causes are high blood pressure and a ruptured aneurysm, and urgent neurosurgery is sometimes needed.

aneurysm

KA: ანევრიზმაRU: аневризмаDE: Aneurysma

A localised widening or bulging of a blood vessel wall, which causes dangerous bleeding if it ruptures. It occurs in the brain arteries and the aorta and is sometimes discovered by chance during a test done for an entirely different reason.

epilepsy

KA: ეპილეფსიაRU: эпилепсияDE: Epilepsie

A chronic brain disease that shows itself through recurrent seizures, such as convulsions or brief loss of consciousness. EEG and MRI are often needed to confirm the diagnosis, and finding the right treatment is sometimes a lengthy process.

cerebral palsy

KA: ბავშვთა ცერებრული დამბლაRU: детский церебральный паралич (ДЦП)DE: infantile Zerebralparese

A group of permanent disorders of movement and muscle tone caused by damage to a child's developing brain, often before or during birth. The condition does not progress, and its management relies mainly on long-term rehabilitation.

multiple sclerosis

KA: გაფანტული სკლეროზიRU: рассеянный склерозDE: Multiple Sklerose

A chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in which the immune system damages the protective sheath of the nerve fibres. It often runs a course of attacks followed by improvement, and the diagnosis is confirmed by MRI and other tests.

Parkinson's disease

KA: პარკინსონის დაავადებაRU: болезнь ПаркинсонаDE: Parkinson-Krankheit

A slowly progressive brain disease that shows itself through slowed movement, muscle stiffness, impaired balance and tremor. Treatment aims to relieve the symptoms, and medication doses change over time.

hydrocephalus

KA: ჰიდროცეფალიაRU: гидроцефалияDE: Hydrozephalus

A condition in which excess fluid builds up in the brain's ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. It may be congenital or acquired and often requires surgical treatment, such as placing a shunt that drains the fluid away from the brain.

type 1 diabetes

KA: შაქრიანი დიაბეტი, ტიპი 1RU: сахарный диабет 1 типаDE: Diabetes mellitus Typ 1

A disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin because the immune system damages its cells. It often begins in childhood or youth, and the patient needs daily insulin injections for life.

chronic kidney disease

KA: თირკმლის ქრონიკული დაავადებაRU: хроническая болезнь почек (ХБП)DE: chronische Nierenerkrankung

A long-term, usually gradual decline in kidney function that develops over months or years. Its severity is measured by the glomerular filtration rate and divided into five stages, the last of which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant.

end-stage kidney disease

KA: თირკმლის უკმარისობის ტერმინალური სტადიაRU: терминальная стадия почечной недостаточностиDE: terminale Niereninsuffizienz

The final stage of chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys can no longer clear the body of waste products and excess fluid. Staying alive requires regular dialysis or a kidney transplant from a living or deceased donor.

liver cirrhosis

KA: ღვიძლის ციროზიRU: цирроз печениDE: Leberzirrhose

The replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue as a result of long-term damage, so that the liver performs its functions poorly. The cause may be viral hepatitis, alcohol or another disease, and in severe cases a transplant is considered.

hepatitis C

KA: ჰეპატიტი CRU: гепатит CDE: Hepatitis C

A viral infection that damages the liver and often runs for years without symptoms until it causes cirrhosis. Georgia has a state hepatitis C elimination programme under which testing and treatment are available.

tuberculosis

KA: ტუბერკულოზიRU: туберкулёзDE: Tuberkulose

A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also involve other organs. Treatment requires a course of antibiotics lasting several months, and some countries ask for tuberculosis screening results for a long-term visa or residence.

sepsis

KA: სეფსისიRU: сепсисDE: Sepsis

A life-threatening condition in which the body's response to infection damages its own organs and tissues. Sepsis requires urgent treatment with antibiotics and support of organ function, often in an intensive care unit where the patient is monitored continuously.

HIV infection

KA: აივ ინფექციაRU: ВИЧ-инфекцияDE: HIV-Infektion

A chronic infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus that gradually damages the immune system. Modern antiretroviral treatment keeps the virus under control, and information about the diagnosis is specially protected by law and shared only with the patient's consent.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

KA: ფილტვის ქრონიკული ობსტრუქციული დაავადება (ფქოდ)RU: хроническая обструктивная болезнь лёгких (ХОБЛ)DE: chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung (COPD)

A chronic lung disease in which the airways narrow and breathing out becomes difficult, often with cough and sputum. The main cause is long-term tobacco smoking, the condition progresses slowly, and the diagnosis is confirmed by spirometry.

bronchial asthma

KA: ბრონქული ასთმაRU: бронхиальная астмаDE: Asthma bronchiale

A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that shows itself through attacks of breathlessness, wheezing and coughing, often triggered by allergens or physical exertion. It is usually managed with inhalers, while a severe attack requires emergency care.

cystic fibrosis

KA: კისტოზური ფიბროზი (მუკოვისციდოზი)RU: муковисцидозDE: Mukoviszidose (zystische Fibrose)

A hereditary disease in which the body produces thick, sticky mucus that mainly damages the lungs and the digestive system. Treatment is continuous and long-term and is often provided at a specialised centre with the involvement of many specialists.

spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

KA: სპინალური კუნთოვანი ატროფია (SMA)RU: спинальная мышечная атрофия (СМА)DE: spinale Muskelatrophie (SMA)

A rare genetic disease that damages the motor neurons of the spinal cord and causes gradual muscle weakness, most often in childhood. Modern treatment is very expensive, so families often turn to state programmes and funds.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

KA: დიუშენის კუნთოვანი დისტროფიაRU: миодистрофия ДюшеннаDE: Muskeldystrophie Duchenne

A hereditary disease that occurs mainly in boys and causes progressive muscle weakness, usually from early childhood. The diagnosis is confirmed by genetic testing, and care involves a neurologist, a cardiologist, a physiotherapist and other specialists.

haemophilia

KA: ჰემოფილიაRU: гемофилияDE: Hämophilie

A hereditary disease in which the blood does not clot normally because one of the clotting factors, often factor VIII or IX, is missing. Patients may bleed for a long time even after a minor injury, so special preparation is needed before surgery.

aplastic anaemia

KA: აპლასტიური ანემიაRU: апластическая анемияDE: aplastische Anämie

A rare condition in which the bone marrow can no longer produce enough blood cells. As a result, red cells, white cells and platelets all fall, causing weakness, infections and bleeding, and in severe cases a bone marrow transplant is needed.

iron-deficiency anaemia

KA: რკინადეფიციტური ანემიაRU: железодефицитная анемияDE: Eisenmangelanämie

The most common form of anaemia, caused by a lack of iron in the body, for example due to chronic blood loss. It shows itself through weakness, pallor and fatigue, and blood tests reveal low haemoglobin and ferritin.

scoliosis

KA: სკოლიოზიRU: сколиозDE: Skoliose

A sideways curvature of the spine that often develops or progresses during adolescence. Its severity is measured by the Cobb angle on an X-ray, and on that basis the doctor chooses observation, a brace or surgery, especially during periods of rapid growth.

herniated (slipped) disc

KA: მალთაშუა დისკის თიაქარიRU: грыжа межпозвонкового дискаDE: Bandscheibenvorfall

A condition in which part of a disc between the vertebrae shifts and presses on a nerve or the spinal cord. It causes back or limb pain and numbness, is usually diagnosed by MRI and is often managed without surgery.

osteoarthritis

KA: ოსტეოართროზი (ართროზი)RU: остеоартрозDE: Arthrose

Gradual wear of the joint cartilage, causing pain, stiffness and restricted movement. The knee and hip are most often affected, and in severe cases, when other treatment no longer helps, joint replacement surgery is performed.

rheumatoid arthritis

KA: რევმატოიდული ართრიტიRU: ревматоидный артритDE: rheumatoide Arthritis

A chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, causing inflammation, pain and deformity. It often affects several joints at once, especially the small joints of the hands and feet, and treatment aims to control inflammation and protect the joints.

fracture

KA: მოტეხილობაRU: переломDE: Fraktur (Knochenbruch)

A break in the continuity of a bone, usually the result of injury, though sometimes it occurs under minor load when the bone is already weakened. Documents often state whether it is open or closed, whether it is displaced and how it was fixed.

traumatic brain injury

KA: ქალა-ტვინის ტრავმაRU: черепно-мозговая травма (ЧМТ)DE: Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT)

Damage to the brain caused by a blow to the head or another external force, for example in a car accident. Severity ranges from mild concussion to severe injury and may require neurosurgery and long-term rehabilitation.

spinal cord injury

KA: ზურგის ტვინის ტრავმაRU: позвоночно-спинномозговая травмаDE: Rückenmarksverletzung

Damage to the spinal cord that causes partial or complete loss of movement, sensation and organ control below the level of the injury. After acute treatment, long-term specialised rehabilitation plays the main role, often abroad as well.

cataract

KA: კატარაქტაRU: катарактаDE: Katarakt (Grauer Star)

Clouding of the lens of the eye, causing gradually blurred vision and sensitivity to light. It is mainly age-related, though it can also be congenital, and treatment is an operation to replace the lens with an artificial one.

glaucoma

KA: გლაუკომაRU: глаукомаDE: Glaukom (Grüner Star)

A group of eye diseases in which the optic nerve is gradually damaged, often due to raised pressure inside the eye. Lost vision cannot be restored, so early diagnosis, treatment with drops or surgery, and regular monitoring are important.

sensorineural hearing loss

KA: სენსონევრალური სმენის დაქვეითებაRU: нейросенсорная тугоухостьDE: Innenohrschwerhörigkeit (sensorineurale Schwerhörigkeit)

Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve, and often permanent. In severe and profound forms, when a hearing aid does not help enough, especially in children, cochlear implantation may be considered.

Down syndrome

KA: დაუნის სინდრომიRU: синдром ДаунаDE: Down-Syndrom (Trisomie 21)

A genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, which leads to developmental delay. It is often accompanied by a congenital heart defect and other associated problems that require regular monitoring by various specialists.

Procedures and operations

elective (planned) surgery

KA: გეგმიური ოპერაციაRU: плановая операцияDE: elektiver (geplanter) Eingriff

An operation scheduled in advance, where postponing it by a few days or weeks does not directly threaten the patient's life. Treatment abroad mostly involves such operations, which leaves time to translate documents and look for funding.

emergency surgery

KA: გადაუდებელი ოპერაციაRU: экстренная операцияDE: Notfalloperation

An operation that must be performed immediately, often within a few hours, to save the patient's life or health. In this case, informed consent and other documents are often completed alongside the operation or after it has finished.

laparoscopy (keyhole surgery)

KA: ლაპაროსკოპიაRU: лапароскопияDE: Laparoskopie (Bauchspiegelung)

An operation or examination of the abdominal cavity through several small incisions, through which a video camera and thin instruments are inserted. Compared with open surgery, pain is usually less, and the hospital stay and recovery period are shorter.

gastroscopy (upper GI endoscopy)

KA: ეზოფაგოგასტროდუოდენოსკოპია (გასტროსკოპია)RU: эзофагогастродуоденоскопия (ЭГДС, ФГДС)DE: Gastroskopie (Magenspiegelung)

Examination of the inside of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum with a flexible endoscope inserted through the mouth. It is usually done on an empty stomach, sometimes under light sedation, and if needed the doctor takes a biopsy at the same time.

colonoscopy

KA: კოლონოსკოპიაRU: колоноскопияDE: Koloskopie (Darmspiegelung)

Examination of the inside of the large intestine with a flexible endoscope inserted through the rectum. Before the test the bowel must be fully cleansed with special preparations, and during the procedure a polyp can be removed or a biopsy taken.

bronchoscopy

KA: ბრონქოსკოპიაRU: бронхоскопияDE: Bronchoskopie

Examination of the inside of the airways and bronchi with a thin flexible endoscope inserted through the nose or mouth. It is used to diagnose lung diseases, take a biopsy, or remove secretions or a foreign body from the airways.

biopsy

KA: ბიოფსიაRU: биопсияDE: Biopsie

Taking a small piece of tissue for examination under a microscope, with a needle, an endoscope or during surgery. The biopsy result, the histology report, often finally confirms or rules out a malignant disease and determines the further treatment plan.

lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

KA: ლუმბალური პუნქციაRU: люмбальная пункцияDE: Lumbalpunktion

A procedure in which a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid is taken with a thin needle inserted between the vertebrae in the lower back. Analysis of the fluid helps diagnose infection, inflammation or some tumours, and sometimes medicine is also given this way.

bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy

KA: ძვლის ტვინის პუნქცია და ტრეპანობიოფსიაRU: пункция костного мозга и трепанобиопсияDE: Knochenmarkpunktion und Beckenkammbiopsie

Taking a sample of bone marrow, usually from the pelvic bone, with a special needle under local anaesthesia. The test is essential for diagnosing leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma and other blood diseases and for assessing the effect of treatment.

coronary angiography

KA: კორონაროგრაფიაRU: коронарографияDE: Koronarangiographie (Herzkatheteruntersuchung)

An examination of the heart arteries in which contrast is injected through a catheter inserted into the wrist or groin artery and X-ray images are taken. It shows where and how severely an artery is narrowed, and if needed stenting is done in the same session.

coronary stenting (PCI)

KA: კორონარული არტერიების სტენტირებაRU: стентирование коронарных артерийDE: koronare Stentimplantation (PCI)

A procedure in which a narrowed artery is widened with a catheter and a mesh tube, a stent, is left inside. It is done without open surgery, and afterwards blood thinners are often needed.

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

KA: აორტო-კორონარული შუნტირებაRU: аортокоронарное шунтирование (АКШ)DE: aortokoronarer Bypass (ACVB)

Open-heart surgery in which a vein or artery taken from another part of the body is used to create a bypass around a blocked coronary artery. It is usually done when several arteries are severely affected and stenting is not enough.

heart valve replacement

KA: გულის სარქვლის პროთეზირებაRU: протезирование клапана сердцаDE: Herzklappenersatz

Replacing a damaged heart valve with a mechanical or biological prosthesis, usually by open surgery. After a mechanical valve the patient needs a blood thinner and regular INR monitoring for life, while a biological valve requires this less.

transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)

KA: აორტის სარქვლის ტრანსკათეტერული იმპლანტაცია (TAVI)RU: транскатетерная имплантация аортального клапана (TAVI)DE: Transkatheter-Aortenklappenimplantation (TAVI)

Replacing the aortic valve through a catheter, usually from the groin artery, without opening the chest or stopping the heart. It is often chosen for elderly patients or those at high surgical risk, for whom open surgery is too dangerous.

pacemaker implantation

KA: ელექტროკარდიოსტიმულატორის იმპლანტაციაRU: имплантация электрокардиостимулятора (ЭКС)DE: Herzschrittmacher-Implantation

Placing a small electronic device under the skin below the collarbone, which monitors the heart rhythm and delivers an impulse when needed. The patient receives a device card, which should be carried when travelling, for example at airport security.

catheter ablation

KA: კათეტერული აბლაციაRU: катетерная абляцияDE: Katheterablation

Treatment of a heart rhythm disorder in which a catheter inserted through a blood vessel destroys the small area of the heart where the abnormal impulse comes from. Radiofrequency energy or cold is often used as the energy source, without open surgery.

chemotherapy

KA: ქიმიოთერაპიაRU: химиотерапияDE: Chemotherapie

Treatment of a malignant tumour with medicines that destroy rapidly growing cells or stop them from multiplying. It is given in cycles, into a vein or as tablets, and the body needs the break between cycles to recover.

radiotherapy

KA: სხივური თერაპიაRU: лучевая терапияDE: Strahlentherapie

Treatment of a tumour with high-energy radiation that damages and destroys tumour cells. The dose is measured in grays (Gy), and treatment is usually given over several weeks in short daily sessions.

proton beam therapy

KA: პროტონული თერაპიაRU: протонная терапияDE: Protonentherapie

A type of radiotherapy that uses protons instead of photons and delivers the dose to the tumour more precisely. It is often considered for childhood cancers and for tumours located near sensitive organs.

stereotactic radiosurgery (Gamma Knife)

KA: სტერეოტაქსიური რადიოქირურგია (გამა-დანა)RU: стереотаксическая радиохирургия (Гамма-нож)DE: stereotaktische Radiochirurgie (Gamma Knife)

A high dose of very precisely targeted radiation, usually given in one or a few sessions, without an incision or general anaesthesia. It is mainly used for small brain tumours and vascular malformations.

immunotherapy

KA: იმუნოთერაპიაRU: иммунотерапияDE: Immuntherapie

Treatment that helps the body's own immune system recognise and destroy tumour cells. It does not work equally on all tumours, so before it is prescribed, testing for special tumour markers, for example PD-L1, is often needed.

targeted therapy

KA: მიზნობრივი (თარგეტული) თერაპიაRU: таргетная терапияDE: zielgerichtete Therapie

Treatment with medicines that act on a specific molecular change in tumour cells and cause less damage to healthy cells. Before it can be prescribed, a molecular or genetic test of the tumour must be done to identify the target change.

CAR-T cell therapy

KA: CAR-T უჯრედული თერაპიაRU: CAR-T-клеточная терапияDE: CAR-T-Zelltherapie

Treatment in which the patient's T lymphocytes are modified in a laboratory so that they can recognise tumour cells, and are then returned to the body. It is mainly used for certain malignant blood diseases.

bone marrow (stem cell) transplant

KA: ძვლის ტვინის (ღეროვანი უჯრედების) ტრანსპლანტაციაRU: трансплантация костного мозга (гемопоэтических стволовых клеток)DE: Knochenmark- bzw. Stammzelltransplantation

Replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy blood-forming stem cells given into a vein. It is used for leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma and some inherited diseases, and for Georgian patients it is often performed abroad.

allogeneic transplant

KA: ალოგენური ტრანსპლანტაციაRU: аллогенная трансплантацияDE: allogene Transplantation

A stem cell transplant from another person, a related or unrelated donor. HLA typing is essential to select the donor, and the search for a compatible donor often checks siblings first and then international registries.

autologous transplant

KA: აუტოლოგიური ტრანსპლანტაციაRU: аутологичная трансплантацияDE: autologe Transplantation

A stem cell transplant in which the patient receives their own cells, collected and frozen in advance, after high-dose chemotherapy. No donor search is needed in this case, so preparation is usually faster.

kidney transplant

KA: თირკმლის ტრანსპლანტაციაRU: трансплантация почкиDE: Nierentransplantation

Transplanting a healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor when the patient's own kidneys no longer work. After the operation the patient takes immunosuppressive medicines for life so that the body does not reject the transplanted organ.

liver transplant

KA: ღვიძლის ტრანსპლანტაციაRU: трансплантация печениDE: Lebertransplantation

Replacing a damaged liver with a liver from a deceased donor or part of a liver from a living donor. In living donor transplants, a close relative often gives part of their liver, and both people undergo detailed tests for this.

living donor

KA: ცოცხალი დონორიRU: живой донорDE: Lebendspender

A person who gives an organ or part of one while alive, for example a kidney or part of the liver, often to a close relative. In most countries the relationship between donor and recipient and the voluntary nature of the donation must be confirmed by documents.

haemodialysis

KA: ჰემოდიალიზიRU: гемодиализDE: Hämodialyse

Cleaning the blood with a special machine when the kidneys can no longer do it. It is usually done three times a week for several hours, so when travelling, a dialysis place and its cost in the destination country must be arranged in advance.

joint replacement (arthroplasty)

KA: სახსრის ენდოპროთეზირებაRU: эндопротезирование суставаDE: Gelenkersatz (Endoprothetik)

Partial or complete replacement of a damaged joint, most often the hip or knee, with an artificial prosthesis. Rehabilitation after surgery is crucial, and the prosthesis manufacturer and model should be kept on record for future treatment.

arthroscopy

KA: ართროსკოპიაRU: артроскопияDE: Arthroskopie (Gelenkspiegelung)

Examining and treating the inside of a joint with a video camera and instruments inserted through small incisions. It is often used for knee and shoulder injuries, for example meniscus or ligament damage, and recovery is usually quick.

osteosynthesis (internal fixation)

KA: ოსტეოსინთეზიRU: остеосинтезDE: Osteosynthese

Joining the pieces of a broken bone in the correct position and fixing them with plates, screws, rods or other implants. In some cases the implants are removed in a separate operation after the bone has healed, which is often noted in advance in the documents.

spinal fusion

KA: სპონდილოდეზიRU: спондилодезDE: Spondylodese (Wirbelkörperversteifung)

Spinal surgery in which two or more vertebrae are permanently joined with screws and rods, sometimes with bone material. It is done for severe scoliosis, spinal instability, or certain injuries and tumours.

craniotomy

KA: კრანიოტომია (ტრეპანაცია)RU: трепанация черепа (краниотомия)DE: Kraniotomie

An operation in which part of the skull bone is temporarily removed so that the neurosurgeon can reach the brain. It is done to remove a tumour or a haemorrhage or to treat an aneurysm, and the bone is usually put back in place.

ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt

KA: ვენტრიკულოპერიტონეული შუნტირებაRU: вентрикулоперитонеальное шунтированиеDE: ventrikuloperitonealer Shunt

Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus in which a thin tube is placed under the skin from a brain ventricle to the abdominal cavity to drain excess fluid. Over time the shunt may need checking, adjustment or replacement.

cochlear implantation

KA: კოხლეარული იმპლანტაციაRU: кохлеарная имплантацияDE: Cochlea-Implantation

Placing an electronic device in the inner ear that helps a person with severe hearing loss perceive sound by directly stimulating the auditory nerve. After surgery, fitting of the device and long-term hearing and speech rehabilitation are essential.

tracheostomy

KA: ტრაქეოსტომიაRU: трахеостомияDE: Tracheostomie (Luftröhrenschnitt)

Making an opening in the windpipe at the front of the neck, where a special breathing tube is placed. It is often done for patients who need a ventilator for a long time or whose upper airway is blocked.

mechanical ventilation

KA: ხელოვნური ვენტილაციაRU: искусственная вентиляция лёгких (ИВЛ)DE: maschinelle Beatmung

Supporting breathing with a special machine when the patient cannot breathe adequately on their own, usually in an intensive care unit. Such a patient can only be transferred to another country by a specially equipped ambulance or a medical charter flight.

intensive care (ICU)

KA: ინტენსიური თერაპია (რეანიმაცია)RU: интенсивная терапия (реанимация)DE: Intensivmedizin (Intensivstation)

A unit and type of treatment for patients in a life-threatening condition, with continuous monitoring and support of breathing, heart and other organ functions. The daily cost here is usually the highest.

general anaesthesia

KA: ზოგადი ანესთეზია (ნარკოზი)RU: общая анестезия (наркоз)DE: Vollnarkose (Allgemeinanästhesie)

A drug-induced state like deep sleep in which the patient feels nothing during the operation and does not remember it afterwards. It is given and monitored throughout the operation by an anaesthetist, who watches the patient's breathing and blood pressure.

spinal and epidural anaesthesia

KA: სპინალური და ეპიდურული ანესთეზიაRU: спинальная и эпидуральная анестезияDE: Spinal- und Periduralanästhesie

Pain relief in which medicine injected with a needle into the back temporarily numbs the lower part of the body, while the patient often stays conscious. Caesarean sections and many leg operations are done this way, and an epidural catheter can also be used for pain management.

blood transfusion

KA: სისხლის გადასხმა (ჰემოტრანსფუზია)RU: переливание крови (гемотрансфузия)DE: Bluttransfusion

Giving a patient donor blood or its components, for example red blood cells, plasma or platelets, through a vein. Before transfusion the blood group and compatibility are always checked, and the transfusion is recorded in the medical record.

implantable port insertion

KA: პორტ-სისტემის იმპლანტაციაRU: установка порт-системыDE: Portimplantation

Placing a small device under the skin, usually in the upper chest, connected to a large vein. It allows chemotherapy to be given and blood to be drawn without frequent needle sticks, and it can stay in place for months.

rehabilitation

KA: რეაბილიტაციაRU: реабилитацияDE: Rehabilitation (Reha)

A stage of treatment aimed at the fullest possible recovery of functions lost after a stroke, injury or operation. It involves a physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist, psychologist and other specialists, often in a specialised centre.

palliative care

KA: პალიატიური მზრუნველობაRU: паллиативная помощьDE: Palliativversorgung

Care aimed at relieving pain and other symptoms and maintaining quality of life for a person with a serious, incurable illness. It also includes psychological and social support and helps family members too.

preoperative assessment

KA: წინასაოპერაციო გამოკვლევაRU: предоперационное обследованиеDE: präoperative Diagnostik (OP-Vorbereitung)

A set of tests done before surgery: blood tests, an ECG, sometimes a chest X-ray, and a consultation with a physician or anaesthetist. A foreign clinic often decides itself which results sent from Georgia to accept and which to repeat on site.

hospital admission

KA: ჰოსპიტალიზაციაRU: госпитализацияDE: stationäre Aufnahme

Admitting a patient to hospital for inpatient treatment, planned or emergency. The exact admission and discharge dates in documents matter for funding, insurance reimbursement and issuing a sick note, so they must be carried over precisely in translation.

day-case unit (day hospital)

KA: დღის სტაციონარიRU: дневной стационарDE: Tagesklinik

A form of treatment in which the patient receives a procedure during the day and goes home the same day, for example for chemotherapy, an infusion or minor surgery. The patient does not stay overnight in the clinic, so the cost is usually lower.

NCSP procedure code

KA: NCSP კოდიRU: код NCSP (классификация хирургических процедур)DE: NCSP-Code (Prozedurenklassifikation)

A classification code for surgical and other medical procedures that state programmes and clinics in Georgia use for reporting. Other countries may have their own system, for example Germany uses OPS codes, so the code stays unchanged in translation.

Laboratory tests

full blood count (FBC, CBC)

KA: სისხლის საერთო ანალიზიRU: общий анализ крови (ОАК)DE: großes Blutbild

The most common blood test, measuring red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and haemoglobin. It reveals anaemia, inflammation and problems with the blood-forming system, and during chemotherapy it is repeated regularly, often before every cycle.

haemoglobin (Hb)

KA: ჰემოგლობინიRU: гемоглобин (Hb)DE: Hämoglobin (Hb)

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. A low level means anaemia, and the unit of measurement differs between countries, for example g/L or g/dL, so the unit must always be kept in translation.

white blood cells (WBC)

KA: ლეიკოციტებიRU: лейкоцитыDE: Leukozyten

White blood cells that protect the body from infection. A raised count often points to inflammation or infection, while a sharp drop, for example after chemotherapy, increases the risk of infection and sometimes leads to treatment being postponed.

white cell differential

KA: ლეიკოციტარული ფორმულაRU: лейкоцитарная формулаDE: Differenzialblutbild

The percentage or absolute distribution of the different types of white blood cells, for example neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. It helps the doctor distinguish bacterial from viral infection, allergy or a blood disease, and is usually done together with the full blood count.

platelets (PLT)

KA: თრომბოციტებიRU: тромбоцитыDE: Thrombozyten

Blood platelets, which take part in blood clotting and stopping bleeding. A very low count, for example during chemotherapy or a blood disease, increases the risk of bleeding and sometimes requires a platelet transfusion.

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

KA: ერითროციტების დალექვის სიჩქარე (ედს)RU: скорость оседания эритроцитов (СОЭ)DE: Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit (BSG)

A simple blood measure showing how fast red blood cells settle in a test tube over a set time. A raised value may point to inflammation, infection or another process in the body, but does not itself specify the cause.

blood chemistry panel

KA: სისხლის ბიოქიმიური ანალიზიRU: биохимический анализ кровиDE: klinisch-chemische Blutuntersuchung

A group of tests that assess the function of the liver, kidneys and other organs, as well as glucose, proteins and electrolytes. The list of parameters varies by clinic, so in translation each parameter must be carried over separately with its unit and reference range.

blood glucose

KA: გლუკოზაRU: глюкоза кровиDE: Blutzucker (Glukose)

The sugar level in the blood, usually measured fasting, that is, several hours after the last meal. In Georgia the result is mostly given in mmol/L, while some countries use mg/dL, so the unit needs particular attention in translation.

glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)

KA: გლიკირებული ჰემოგლობინი (HbA1c)RU: гликированный гемоглобин (HbA1c)DE: glykiertes Hämoglobin (HbA1c)

A measure that reflects the average blood sugar level over the last two to three months and does not depend on whether the patient has eaten. It is used to diagnose diabetes and assess how well treatment is working.

creatinine

KA: კრეატინინიRU: креатининDE: Kreatinin

A waste product of muscle metabolism that the kidneys remove from the blood into the urine. A raised level may point to reduced kidney function, and GFR is calculated from it, which is checked before contrast scans and before prescribing some medicines.

urea (blood urea nitrogen)

KA: შარდოვანაRU: мочевинаDE: Harnstoff

A waste product of protein breakdown that forms in the liver and is excreted in the urine through the kidneys. Together with creatinine it is used to assess kidney function, although its level is also affected by diet and the body's water balance.

glomerular filtration rate (GFR, eGFR)

KA: გორგლოვანი ფილტრაციის სიჩქარე (GFR)RU: скорость клубочковой фильтрации (СКФ)DE: glomeruläre Filtrationsrate (GFR)

A measure showing how well the kidneys filter blood per minute. It is usually calculated from creatinine, age and sex, determines the stage of chronic kidney disease, and is also used to choose medicine doses.

liver enzymes (ALT, AST)

KA: ღვიძლის ფერმენტები (ALT, AST)RU: печёночные ферменты (АЛТ, АСТ)DE: Leberwerte (ALT/GPT, AST/GOT)

Enzymes whose blood level rises when liver cells are damaged, for example in hepatitis or when taking certain medicines. German documents often refer to them by their old names, GPT and GOT, which should be kept in mind when translating.

bilirubin

KA: ბილირუბინიRU: билирубинDE: Bilirubin

A yellow pigment formed when red blood cells break down and excreted through the liver and bile. A raised level causes yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes and points to a problem with the liver, bile ducts or blood.

C-reactive protein (CRP)

KA: C-რეაქტიული ცილა (CRP)RU: С-реактивный белок (СРБ)DE: C-reaktives Protein (CRP)

A protein the liver produces in larger amounts during inflammation or infection, sometimes within a few hours. It is often used to track the severity of an infection and the effect of antibiotic treatment, especially after surgery.

coagulation profile (clotting screen)

KA: კოაგულოგრამაRU: коагулограммаDE: Gerinnungsstatus

A group of tests assessing the blood's ability to clot, for example prothrombin time, INR, activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen. This test is almost always needed before surgery and invasive procedures.

international normalised ratio (INR)

KA: საერთაშორისო ნორმალიზებული შეფარდება (INR)RU: международное нормализованное отношение (МНО)DE: INR (International Normalized Ratio)

A standardised measure showing how long blood takes to clot, comparable across all laboratories. It is checked regularly in patients taking warfarin, for example after a mechanical valve, so that the dose can be set correctly.

blood group and Rh factor

KA: სისხლის ჯგუფი და რეზუს-ფაქტორიRU: группа крови и резус-факторDE: Blutgruppe und Rhesusfaktor

The blood type in the AB0 system and the Rh factor, positive or negative. It is essential for blood transfusion and surgery, and in Georgia the group is sometimes written in Roman numerals, I to IV, which must be correctly converted to the AB0 system in translation.

electrolytes (potassium, sodium)

KA: ელექტროლიტები (კალიუმი, ნატრიუმი)RU: электролиты (калий, натрий)DE: Elektrolyte (Kalium, Natrium)

Minerals dissolved in the blood, for example potassium, sodium and chloride, which are essential for the work of the heart, muscles and nerves. Imbalances are common with kidney disease, vomiting, diarrhoea or when taking certain medicines.

troponin

KA: ტროპონინიRU: тропонинDE: Troponin

A protein released into the blood when the heart muscle is damaged. A rise is one of the main signs used to diagnose myocardial infarction, so with chest pain the test is usually repeated a few hours apart.

thyroid function tests (TSH, T4)

KA: ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის ჰორმონები (TSH, T4)RU: гормоны щитовидной железы (ТТГ, Т4)DE: Schilddrüsenwerte (TSH, fT4)

Tests that show whether the thyroid gland is working normally. A change in TSH is often the first sign that the gland is producing too little or too much hormone, while T4 refines the diagnosis.

ferritin

KA: ფერიტინიRU: ферритинDE: Ferritin

A protein that stores iron in the body and is considered the best indicator of iron stores. A low level points to depleted iron stores, while a raised level may be caused by inflammation, liver disease or excess iron accumulation.

arterial blood gas (ABG)

KA: სისხლის გაზები (არტერიული)RU: газы артериальной крови (КЩС)DE: Blutgasanalyse (BGA)

A test of arterial blood that measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and the acid-base balance. It is mainly used in intensive care, during mechanical ventilation, and to assess severe breathing disorders.

urinalysis

KA: შარდის საერთო ანალიზიRU: общий анализ мочи (ОАМ)DE: Urinstatus (Urinuntersuchung)

A physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine that assesses its colour, specific gravity and composition. It detects infection, protein, blood or sugar in the urine and is often part of the standard list for preoperative assessment and hospital admission.

bacterial culture

KA: ბაქტერიოლოგიური კვლევა (ნათესი)RU: бактериологический посевDE: bakteriologische Kultur

A laboratory test in which blood, urine, a wound swab or other material is placed on a special culture medium to find out which microbe is causing an infection. The result usually takes several days and is issued together with an antibiotic susceptibility test.

antibiotic susceptibility test

KA: ანტიბიოტიკოგრამა (მგრძნობელობა ანტიბიოტიკების მიმართ)RU: антибиотикограмма (чувствительность к антибиотикам)DE: Antibiogramm

A continuation of the culture that shows which antibiotics the detected bacterium responds to and which it does not. Information about resistant bacteria is very important for a foreign clinic, since the patient is sometimes placed in a separate room.

PCR test

KA: პჯრ კვლევა (PCR)RU: ПЦР-исследованиеDE: PCR-Test

A laboratory method that makes it possible to detect very small amounts of a virus, bacterium or genetic change. It is used both in diagnosing infections and in monitoring the results of treatment for some cancers, for example leukaemia.

hepatitis serology (HBsAg, anti-HCV)

KA: ჰეპატიტის მარკერები (HBsAg, anti-HCV)RU: маркеры вирусных гепатитов (HBsAg, анти-HCV)DE: Hepatitis-Serologie (HBsAg, Anti-HCV)

Blood tests for hepatitis B and C viruses that show current or past infection. Most foreign clinics require a recent result, issued within the last few months, before surgery or admission, usually together with an HIV test.

tumour markers

KA: სიმსივნური მარკერები (ონკომარკერები)RU: онкомаркерыDE: Tumormarker

Substances in the blood, for example CEA, CA 15-3 or CA-125, whose levels rise with some tumours. They are mainly used to track the effect of treatment and recurrence, and on their own, without other tests, they cannot establish a diagnosis.

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

KA: პროსტატის სპეციფიკური ანტიგენი (PSA)RU: простатический специфический антиген (ПСА)DE: prostataspezifisches Antigen (PSA)

A protein produced by the prostate gland, whose level is measured in the blood. A rise may be a sign of cancer, inflammation or benign enlargement of the gland, so the doctor evaluates the result together with other tests.

histopathology report

KA: ჰისტოლოგიური კვლევაRU: гистологическое исследование (заключение)DE: histopathologischer Befund

Microscopic examination of tissue taken by biopsy or surgery, carried out by a pathologist. The report establishes the tumour type and grade of malignancy and is the basis for all further treatment decisions in oncology.

immunohistochemistry (IHC)

KA: იმუნოჰისტოქიმიური კვლევაRU: иммуногистохимическое исследование (ИГХ)DE: Immunhistochemie (IHC)

An additional tissue test using special antibodies that reveals the exact tumour subtype and markers, for example hormone receptors, HER2 or Ki-67. The choice of medicines, and often the whole treatment plan, depends on this result.

cytology

KA: ციტოლოგიური კვლევაRU: цитологическое исследованиеDE: Zytologie

Microscopic examination of individual cells, for example in a smear, a body fluid or material taken by fine-needle aspiration. It is faster and less invasive than histology, but often gives less information and sometimes needs confirmation by biopsy.

paraffin blocks and slides

KA: პარაფინის ბლოკები და ჰისტოლოგიური პრეპარატებიRU: парафиновые блоки и гистологические стёклаDE: Paraffinblöcke und Schnittpräparate

Tissue from a biopsy or operation embedded in paraffin and cut into thin sections on glass slides. For a second opinion a foreign laboratory often requests exactly these so it can repeat the test itself, so check in advance the clinic's rules for releasing them.

pathology second opinion (slide review)

KA: ჰისტოლოგიური პრეპარატების რევიზიაRU: пересмотр гистологических препаратовDE: Zweitbefundung (Referenzpathologie)

Re-evaluation of existing histology material by a pathologist from another, often foreign, laboratory. It is done when the diagnosis is difficult or doubtful or additional confirmation is needed before starting treatment, and it sometimes changes the diagnosis.

genetic testing

KA: გენეტიკური კვლევაRU: генетическое исследованиеDE: genetische Untersuchung (Gentest)

A test that looks for changes in a person's DNA to confirm an inherited disease or assess the risk of developing it. Interpreting the result often requires a consultation with a geneticist, especially when it also concerns other family members.

karyotype analysis

KA: კარიოტიპის კვლევაRU: исследование кариотипаDE: Chromosomenanalyse (Karyotyp)

Checking the number and structure of chromosomes under a microscope, usually in blood cells. It reveals changes such as an extra or missing chromosome, for example in Down syndrome, and is sometimes done when looking for the cause of infertility.

next-generation sequencing (NGS)

KA: ახალი თაობის სეკვენირება (NGS)RU: секвенирование нового поколения (NGS)DE: Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS)

A modern genetic method that allows many genes or the whole genome to be checked at once. In oncology it is used to find tumour mutations, which helps the doctor assess options for targeted therapy or enrolment in a clinical trial.

HLA typing (tissue typing)

KA: HLA ტიპირებაRU: HLA-типированиеDE: HLA-Typisierung

Determining tissue compatibility markers by analysing blood or a cheek swab. It is essential for finding a suitable donor for bone marrow and organ transplants, and the patient's siblings are often tested along with the patient.

reference range (normal range)

KA: რეფერენსული მნიშვნელობა (ნორმა)RU: референсные значения (норма)DE: Referenzbereich (Normbereich)

The range of values expected in healthy people, written next to the result in a test report. It varies by laboratory, method, age and unit, so in translation the reference limits must be carried over unchanged and not replaced from another source.

Imaging

X-ray

KA: რენტგენოგრაფიაRU: рентгенографияDE: Röntgenaufnahme

Producing an image with X-rays, which shows bones, fractures and the lungs well. It is a fast, cheap and widely available test, but shows soft tissues in less detail, so it is sometimes supplemented with CT or MRI.

computed tomography (CT scan)

KA: კომპიუტერული ტომოგრაფია (კტ)RU: компьютерная томография (КТ)DE: Computertomographie (CT)

An X-ray-based test that creates thin cross-sectional slices of the body and combines them by computer. It is fast and shows bleeding, injuries, the lungs and abdominal organs well, so it is often the first choice in emergencies.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

KA: მაგნიტურ-რეზონანსული ტომოგრაფია (მრტ)RU: магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ)DE: Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT)

A test using a strong magnetic field and radio waves, without X-rays, which usually takes longer than CT. It shows the brain, spinal cord, joints and soft tissues in particular detail, although some metal implants limit its use.

PET-CT scan

KA: პოზიტრონ-ემისიური ტომოგრაფია (PET-CT)RU: позитронно-эмиссионная томография (ПЭТ-КТ)DE: PET-CT

A test that combines assessment of tissue metabolic activity, using a radioactive substance injected into a vein, with computed tomography. In oncology it is used to assess tumour spread and check the response to treatment, and several hours of fasting are usually needed beforehand.

contrast-enhanced scan

KA: კონტრასტული კვლევაRU: исследование с контрастированиемDE: kontrastmittelgestützte Untersuchung

A CT or MRI during which a contrast agent is injected into a vein so that blood vessels, tumours and areas of inflammation show up better. Beforehand, kidney function is usually checked and the patient is asked about any previous allergic reaction to contrast.

contrast agent (contrast medium)

KA: კონტრასტული ნივთიერებაRU: контрастное веществоDE: Kontrastmittel

A substance that makes certain parts of the body clearer on images during a scan. Iodine-based contrast is often used for CT and gadolinium contrast for MRI, and information about any allergy to it must be included in the documents.

ultrasound scan

KA: ულტრაბგერითი კვლევა (ექოსკოპია)RU: ультразвуковое исследование (УЗИ)DE: Ultraschalluntersuchung (Sonographie)

A test using high-frequency sound waves, which is safe and does not use ionising radiation. It is often used to assess abdominal organs, the thyroid gland, blood vessels and pregnancy, and the result depends largely on the doctor's experience.

Doppler ultrasound

KA: დოპლეროგრაფიაRU: допплерографияDE: Dopplersonographie

A type of ultrasound that measures the speed and direction of blood flow in blood vessels. It reveals artery narrowing, a clot in a vein or other circulation disorders and is often done to assess the carotid arteries and leg veins.

echocardiography (echo)

KA: ექოკარდიოგრაფიაRU: эхокардиография (ЭхоКГ)DE: Echokardiographie (Herzultraschall)

An ultrasound of the heart that shows the heart walls, valves, chambers and pumping strength. The report often states the ejection fraction, the main measure of heart function, which is used in assessing surgical risk.

electrocardiogram (ECG)

KA: ელექტროკარდიოგრაფია (ეკგ)RU: электрокардиография (ЭКГ)DE: Elektrokardiogramm (EKG)

A recording of the heart's electrical activity using electrodes attached to the skin, completed in a few minutes. This simple test reveals rhythm disorders and signs of a heart attack, is done before almost every operation, and a copy of the tracing is often translated.

Holter monitoring (24-hour ECG)

KA: ჰოლტერ-მონიტორინგიRU: холтеровское мониторированиеDE: Langzeit-EKG

Continuous ECG recording, usually over 24 hours or longer, using a portable device attached to the body while the patient goes about normal daily life. It reveals rhythm disturbances that may not show up during a short test.

exercise stress test

KA: დატვირთვის ტესტი (სტრეს-ტესტი)RU: нагрузочный тест (велоэргометрия, тредмил-тест)DE: Belastungs-EKG (Ergometrie)

A heart test performed during physical exertion, usually on a treadmill or exercise bike, with continuous ECG and blood pressure monitoring. It reveals cardiac ischaemia that may not be visible at rest and assesses exercise tolerance.

electroencephalogram (EEG)

KA: ელექტროენცეფალოგრაფია (ეეგ)RU: электроэнцефалография (ЭЭГ)DE: Elektroenzephalographie (EEG)

A recording of the brain's electrical activity using electrodes placed on the head, sometimes also during sleep. It is the main test for diagnosing epilepsy and assessing its treatment, and long-term video EEG monitoring can last several days.

electromyography and nerve conduction studies (EMG/NCS)

KA: ელექტრონეირომიოგრაფია (ენმგ)RU: электронейромиография (ЭНМГ)DE: Elektromyographie und Neurographie (EMG/NLG)

A test that measures the electrical activity of muscles and peripheral nerves and the speed at which impulses travel along a nerve. It helps diagnose nerve damage, neuropathy and muscle diseases, such as SMA or muscular dystrophy.

mammography

KA: მამოგრაფიაRU: маммографияDE: Mammographie

An X-ray examination of the breast used for the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. In the report the result is often graded by BI-RADS category from 0 to 6, which is written the same in every language and does not change in translation.

bone scan (bone scintigraphy)

KA: ძვლის სცინტიგრაფიაRU: остеосцинтиграфияDE: Skelettszintigraphie

A nuclear medicine test in which a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into a vein and, a few hours later, images are taken of its uptake in the bones. It is used to detect bone metastases, inflammation and some fractures.

angiography

KA: ანგიოგრაფიაRU: ангиографияDE: Angiographie

A contrast examination of blood vessels that shows narrowing, blockage or an aneurysm. It can be done with a catheter inserted into an artery or non-invasively with CT or MRI, and during a catheter procedure treatment can be given at the same time.

bone densitometry (DEXA scan)

KA: დენსიტომეტრიაRU: денситометрияDE: Knochendichtemessung (DXA)

Measurement of bone mineral density using low-dose X-rays, usually of the spine and hip. The result is expressed as a T-score and is used to diagnose osteoporosis and assess fracture risk, especially in older people.

spirometry (lung function test)

KA: სპირომეტრიაRU: спирометрияDE: Spirometrie (Lungenfunktionsprüfung)

A lung function test in which the patient breathes in deeply and then breathes out as hard as possible into a special device. It is used to diagnose asthma and COPD and to assess breathing function before major surgery.

audiometry (hearing test)

KA: აუდიომეტრიაRU: аудиометрияDE: Audiometrie (Hörtest)

A hearing test that measures the hearing threshold for sounds of different frequencies, usually with headphones in a soundproof room. The result is recorded as an audiogram and used to assess the need for a hearing aid or cochlear implant.

optical coherence tomography (OCT)

KA: ოპტიკური კოჰერენტული ტომოგრაფია (OCT)RU: оптическая когерентная томография (ОКТ)DE: optische Kohärenztomographie (OCT)

A highly detailed examination of the retina and optic nerve using a beam of light, without touching the eye and in a few minutes. It is widely used in diagnosing and monitoring treatment of glaucoma and retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy.

DICOM images (scan files on disc)

KA: DICOM ფაილები (კვლევის ჩანაწერი დისკზე)RU: снимки в формате DICOM (диск с исследованием)DE: DICOM-Bilddaten (CD mit Aufnahmen)

The original digital files of CT, MRI and other scans in a standard format that every clinic's software can read. A foreign clinic often reviews the images itself, so the recording must be sent along with the translated report.

radiology report

KA: რადიოლოგის დასკვნა (კვლევის აღწერა)RU: заключение (описание) врача-рентгенологаDE: radiologischer Befund (Befundbericht)

The radiologist's written description of what is seen on a CT, MRI or other scan, together with their final conclusion. It is this text that is translated, while the images themselves are sent separately on a disc or by link to the foreign clinic's radiologist.

CT angiography (CTA)

KA: კტ-ანგიოგრაფიაRU: КТ-ангиографияDE: CT-Angiographie

Computed tomography with contrast injected into a vein, giving detailed images of blood vessels without inserting a catheter into an artery. It is often used to assess aneurysms, pulmonary embolism and the coronary arteries, and kidney function is checked before the scan.

endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

KA: ენდოსკოპიური ულტრაბგერითი კვლევა (ენდოსონოგრაფია)RU: эндосонография (эндоскопическое УЗИ)DE: Endosonographie (EUS)

A test in which an ultrasound probe is passed through an endoscope into the oesophagus, stomach or intestine to examine the walls and nearby organs, such as the pancreas, at close range. If needed, a fine-needle biopsy is taken at the same time.

Medicines and dosage

International Nonproprietary Name (INN)

KA: საერთაშორისო არაპატენტირებული დასახელება (INN)RU: международное непатентованное наименование (МНН)DE: internationaler Freiname (INN, Wirkstoffname)

The international name of a medicine's active substance, such as paracetamol, assigned by the World Health Organization and identical in every country. When being treated abroad, the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) should always be given alongside the brand name.

brand (trade) name

KA: სავაჭრო დასახელებაRU: торговое наименованиеDE: Handelsname (Präparatename)

The name under which a specific manufacturer sells a medicine, often printed in the largest letters on the packaging. The same medicine may have a different brand name in different countries, so for the doctor the active substance matters more.

generic medicine

KA: გენერიკული მედიკამენტი (გენერიკი)RU: дженерик (воспроизведённый препарат)DE: Generikum

A medicine that contains the same active substance as the original drug in the same dose and form and is produced by another manufacturer after the patent expires. It is usually cheaper than the original and has a different brand name.

dose

KA: დოზაRU: дозаDE: Dosis

The amount of a medicine taken at one time or over a set period, such as 24 hours. When translating a dose, the number, the unit and the frequency must be carried over exactly, because even one wrong zero or unit can be dangerous.

dosage regimen

KA: დოზირების რეჟიმიRU: режим дозированияDE: Dosierungsschema

Instructions on how much, how often, at what time of day and for how long the patient should take a medicine. In German documents it is often written as a scheme, for example 1-0-1, meaning one in the morning and one in the evening.

tablet

KA: ტაბლეტიRU: таблеткаDE: Tablette

A solid form of medicine taken by mouth, usually with water. Some tablets must not be split or crushed, for example extended-release or coated forms, and this is noted separately on the packaging and in the leaflet.

solution for injection

KA: საინექციო ხსნარიRU: раствор для инъекцийDE: Injektionslösung

A liquid form of medicine given by needle into a vein, a muscle or under the skin. It usually comes in an ampoule or vial, and the label states the concentration, for example mg/ml, from which the nurse calculates the required volume.

infusion (IV drip)

KA: ინფუზია (წვეთოვანი)RU: инфузия (капельница)DE: Infusion

Slow administration of a medicine or solution into a vein through a drip or an infusion pump, over a period from several minutes to several hours. Chemotherapy and many antibiotics are given this way, and the document also records the infusion rate and duration.

suppository

KA: სუპოზიტორია (სანთელი)RU: суппозиторий (свеча)DE: Zäpfchen (Suppositorium)

A solid form of medicine that melts at body temperature and is inserted into the rectum or vagina. It is convenient when the patient cannot take medicine by mouth, for example during vomiting or in young children.

intravenously (i.v.)

KA: ინტრავენურად (ი/ვ)RU: внутривенно (в/в)DE: intravenös (i.v.)

Giving a medicine directly into a vein, either as a bolus with a syringe or through a drip. By this route the medicine acts fastest and enters the bloodstream completely, and documents often use an abbreviation that differs from language to language.

intramuscularly (i.m.)

KA: ინტრამუსკულარულად (ი/მ)RU: внутримышечно (в/м)DE: intramuskulär (i.m.)

Giving a medicine by needle into a muscle, usually the buttock, thigh or upper arm. On a prescription sheet the abbreviation for the route must be translated exactly, because it is written differently in different languages and a mix-up can lead to an error.

subcutaneously (s.c.)

KA: კანქვეშ (კ/ქ)RU: подкожно (п/к)DE: subkutan (s.c.)

Giving a medicine into the fatty tissue under the skin with a short, thin needle, for example insulin and some blood thinners. Many patients or their relatives can give such injections themselves at home after being taught by a nurse.

orally (p.o.)

KA: პერორალურად (per os)RU: перорально (внутрь, per os)DE: oral (p.o.)

Taking a medicine by mouth, that is by swallowing it, as a tablet, capsule or syrup. The Latin abbreviation per os or p.o. is used the same way in many countries and often appears in both Georgian and foreign prescriptions and discharge summaries.

sublingually (s.l.)

KA: ენისქვეშ (სუბლინგვურად)RU: сублингвально (под язык)DE: sublingual

Taking a medicine by placing it under the tongue, where it dissolves and is quickly absorbed through the lining of the mouth without swallowing. Nitroglycerin, for example, is taken this way for chest pain when rapid action is needed.

milligram (mg)

KA: მილიგრამი (მგ)RU: миллиграмм (мг)DE: Milligramm (mg)

A unit of weight, one thousandth of a gram, in which most medicine doses are written. In translation it is especially important not to confuse milligrams with micrograms, because they differ by a factor of a thousand and an error would lead to a dangerous dose.

microgram (mcg, µg)

KA: მიკროგრამი (მკგ)RU: микрограмм (мкг)DE: Mikrogramm (µg)

A unit of weight, one thousandth of a milligram, used to write doses of medicines that act in very small amounts, such as some hormones. In print the letter µ often looks like u, which can be a source of error.

international unit (IU)

KA: საერთაშორისო ერთეული (სე)RU: международная единица (МЕ)DE: Internationale Einheit (I.E.)

A unit used to measure the activity, rather than the weight, of some medicines, such as insulin, heparin and certain vitamins. The abbreviation differs between languages, for example IU, ME or I.E., so it must be translated carefully.

dose per body weight (mg/kg)

KA: დოზა სხეულის მასაზე (მგ/კგ)RU: доза на массу тела (мг/кг)DE: Dosis pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht (mg/kg KG)

A way of calculating a dose in which the amount of medicine is set per kilogram of the patient's body weight. This is especially common in children and with some potent medicines, so the patient's weight must also be stated precisely in the document.

dose per body surface area (mg/m²)

KA: დოზა სხეულის ზედაპირის ფართობზე (მგ/მ²)RU: доза на площадь поверхности тела (мг/м²)DE: Dosis pro Körperoberfläche (mg/m² KOF)

Calculating a dose according to body surface area, which is worked out from the patient's height and weight. Chemotherapy doses are mostly written this way, so height and weight must always be stated in the chemotherapy protocol and discharge summary.

twice daily (b.d., b.i.d.)

KA: დღეში ორჯერRU: два раза в деньDE: zweimal täglich

A dosing frequency in which a medicine is taken twice a day, usually in the morning and evening, about 12 hours apart. English documents often write it with Latin abbreviations, while German ones use a scheme, for example 1-0-1.

as needed (p.r.n.)

KA: საჭიროებისამებრRU: по потребности (при необходимости)DE: bei Bedarf (b. B.)

An instruction that a medicine is not taken regularly and is used only when needed, for example for pain, nausea or high temperature. Such a prescription usually also states the minimum time between doses and the maximum daily dose.

treatment cycle (course)

KA: მკურნალობის ციკლი (კურსი)RU: цикл (курс) леченияDE: Therapiezyklus

A repeated period of taking medicines followed by a break, especially in chemotherapy. Documents often state the cycle number, the days of the cycle and the total number of planned cycles, which matters for continuing treatment.

contraindication

KA: უკუჩვენებაRU: противопоказаниеDE: Kontraindikation (Gegenanzeige)

A condition or circumstance in which a particular medicine or procedure must not be used or requires special caution, such as pregnancy, allergy or kidney failure. Contraindications are listed in the medicine's leaflet.

side effect (adverse reaction)

KA: გვერდითი მოვლენაRU: побочное действие (нежелательная реакция)DE: Nebenwirkung

An unwanted effect of a medicine that is not the aim of treatment, such as nausea, a rash or hair loss. Significant side effects should be noted in the documents so that the next doctor can take them into account when planning treatment.

drug allergy

KA: მედიკამენტური ალერგიაRU: лекарственная аллергияDE: Arzneimittelallergie

The body's immune reaction to a specific medicine, ranging from a mild rash to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Information about the allergy, with the name of the medicine and a description of the reaction, should be clearly visible in every translated document.

prescription

KA: რეცეპტიRU: рецептDE: Rezept (ärztliche Verordnung)

A doctor's written or electronic prescription on the basis of which a pharmacy dispenses a medicine. A prescription issued in one country is often not accepted in another, so during a long stay abroad you may need a prescription from a local doctor.

medication chart

KA: დანიშნულების ფურცელიRU: лист назначенийDE: Medikationsplan

A record listing all prescribed medicines with dose, route and time of administration, where each administration is marked as given. When a patient is transferred to another clinic, its translation helps the new team continue treatment without interruption.

opioid analgesic

KA: ნარკოტიკული ანალგეტიკიRU: наркотический анальгетикDE: Opioid-Analgetikum (Betäubungsmittel)

A strong painkiller, such as morphine, whose prescribing, dispensing and record-keeping are strictly controlled by law. When crossing a border with such a medicine, you may need a doctor's certificate and should check the destination country's rules in advance.

anticoagulant (blood thinner)

KA: ანტიკოაგულანტიRU: антикоагулянтDE: Antikoagulans (Blutverdünner)

A medicine that reduces blood clotting and prevents blood clots from forming, such as warfarin or heparin. Before surgery the doctor must know whether the patient is taking one.

orphan drug

KA: ორფანული (იშვიათი დაავადების) მედიკამენტიRU: орфанный препаратDE: Orphan-Arzneimittel (Arzneimittel für seltene Leiden)

A medicine developed to treat a rare disease. It is often very expensive and is not registered in every country, so families look for funding or an import permit to obtain it.

apostille

KA: აპოსტილიRU: апостильDE: Apostille

A special stamp or certificate that confirms the authenticity of the signature and seal on a document, so that it is accepted in another member country of the 1961 Hague Convention without further certification.

1961 Hague Apostille Convention

KA: ჰააგის 1961 წლის კონვენციაRU: Гаагская конвенция 1961 года (об апостиле)DE: Haager Apostille-Übereinkommen von 1961

An international agreement that replaced the legalisation of foreign official documents between member countries with a single apostille. Georgia is a party to the convention, so consular legalisation is usually no longer needed in dealings with other member countries.

consular legalisation

KA: საკონსულო ლეგალიზაციაRU: консульская легализацияDE: konsularische Legalisation (Überbeglaubigung)

A step-by-step procedure for certifying a document for a country that is not a party to the Hague Convention. It usually involves certification by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and by the embassy or consulate of the destination country, and takes longer than an apostille.

notarisation

KA: ნოტარიული დამოწმებაRU: нотариальное заверениеDE: notarielle Beglaubigung

Official confirmation by a notary of a signature, a copy of a document, or the translator's signature on a translation. Many documents must first be notarised before an apostille, especially private documents, powers of attorney and translations that do not bear a state authority's signature.

notarised translation

KA: ნოტარიულად დამოწმებული თარგმანიRU: нотариально заверенный переводDE: notariell beglaubigte Übersetzung

A translation on which a notary certifies the authenticity of the translator's signature. In Georgia translations for official use are usually certified this way, although the receiving country or institution sometimes requires a translation by a local sworn translator.

sworn translator

KA: ნაფიცი თარჯიმანიRU: присяжный переводчикDE: beeidigter (vereidigter) Übersetzer

A translator who, in some countries such as Germany, is authorised by a court or the state to certify the accuracy of a translation with their own signature and seal, without a notary. Their translation is officially accepted by that country's authorities.

certified copy

KA: დამოწმებული ასლიRU: заверенная копияDE: beglaubigte Kopie (Abschrift)

A copy of an original document whose conformity with the original is confirmed by a notary or an authorised body. It lets you keep the original yourself and submit only the certified copy to authorities, embassies or clinics.

power of attorney

KA: მინდობილობაRU: доверенностьDE: Vollmacht

A document by which a person authorises someone else to act on their behalf, for example to collect medical records or submit an application. For use abroad it is usually notarised and given an apostille.

legal representative

KA: კანონიერი წარმომადგენელიRU: законный представительDE: gesetzlicher Vertreter

A person who acts on behalf of another by force of law, for example a parent for a minor child or an appointed guardian. They sign informed consent to treatment and receive medical information instead of the patient or together with them.

parental consent for a minor to travel

KA: მშობლის თანხმობა არასრულწლოვნის გამგზავრებაზეRU: согласие родителя на выезд несовершеннолетнегоDE: Einverständniserklärung der Eltern zur Reise eines Minderjährigen

A document in which a parent gives consent for a child to travel abroad with the other parent or another adult. Requirements, including whether notarisation is needed, vary by country, so it is worth checking them in advance.

recipient of support

KA: მხარდაჭერის მიმღებიRU: получатель поддержкиDE: unterstützte Person (Betreute)

In Georgia, an adult for whom a court has appointed a supporter to help with decision-making because of psychosocial needs. This system replaced the old rule of declaring a person legally incapable and preserves the person's independence as far as possible.

supporter (court-appointed)

KA: მხარდამჭერიRU: поддерживающее лицо (назначенное судом)DE: rechtlicher Betreuer (gerichtlich bestellt)

A court-appointed person who helps the recipient of support make decisions only in the areas defined by the court decision. When acting in medical or financial matters, their authority must be confirmed by the court decision.

guardianship and custodianship authority

KA: მეურვეობისა და მზრუნველობის ორგანოRU: орган опеки и попечительстваDE: Vormundschafts- und Betreuungsbehörde

A state body that oversees guardianship and custodianship matters, such as protecting the interests of a child left without parental care. In Georgia this function is mainly carried out by the Social Service Agency, which is sometimes also responsible for giving consent.

guardian

KA: მეურვეRU: опекунDE: Vormund

A person appointed by law to protect the interests of a minor left without parental care and to carry out legal acts on their behalf, including giving consent to treatment. Their authority is confirmed by a document.

will

KA: ანდერძიRU: завещаниеDE: Testament

A person's written instruction on who should receive their property after death. In Georgia a will is usually drawn up by a notary, and where one exists the estate is divided among the heirs according to the will rather than by law.

inheritance (estate)

KA: სამკვიდროRU: наследствоDE: Erbschaft (Nachlass)

The property, rights and certain obligations of a deceased person that pass to the heirs by will or by law. There is a statutory deadline for accepting an inheritance, so heirs living abroad should prepare documents and a power of attorney in good time.

certificate of inheritance

KA: სამკვიდრო მოწმობაRU: свидетельство о праве на наследствоDE: Erbschein

A document issued by a notary confirming who the heir is and what property their right covers. With it the heir registers the property in their own name, for example at the Public Registry or a bank, and for use abroad it is given an apostille.

statutory heir (heir at law)

KA: კანონით მემკვიდრეRU: наследник по законуDE: gesetzlicher Erbe

A close relative, such as a spouse, child or parent, who receives the estate in the order set by law when there is no will. The family relationship is proven with civil status certificates, which often need translation and an apostille abroad.

identity card

KA: პირადობის მოწმობაRU: удостоверение личностиDE: Personalausweis

The main identity document of a Georgian citizen, which shows the personal number and contains an electronic chip. For notarial acts, at the Public Service Hall and in other official procedures you must present either it or a passport.

passport

KA: საქართველოს მოქალაქის პასპორტიRU: заграничный паспортDE: Reisepass

The travel document used to cross borders. In translated medical documents the patient's first name and surname must be spelled exactly as in the passport, so that the clinic or visa service can match them to each other.

personal identification number

KA: პირადი ნომერიRU: личный номерDE: persönliche Identifikationsnummer

A unique 11-digit number of a Georgian citizen, shown on the identity card and passport, which never changes throughout life. It is used to identify the patient in medical records and state programmes and remains unchanged in translation.

transliteration

KA: ტრანსლიტერაციაRU: транслитерацияDE: Transliteration

Rewriting Georgian names, surnames and addresses in Latin or Cyrillic letters. In medical and legal translations the name must match the form in the passport, and it must be the same in every document.

civil status certificates

KA: სამოქალაქო აქტების მოწმობებიRU: свидетельства актов гражданского состоянияDE: Personenstandsurkunden

Birth, marriage, divorce, death and change-of-name certificates. In Georgia they are issued by the Public Service Hall, and abroad they often need an apostille and translation to prove kinship, inheritance or representation.

birth certificate

KA: დაბადების მოწმობაRU: свидетельство о рожденииDE: Geburtsurkunde

A civil status certificate confirming a child's date and place of birth and their parents. When a child is treated abroad it is often used to prove parental authority, so it is issued with an apostille and translation.

death certificate

KA: გარდაცვალების მოწმობაRU: свидетельство о смертиDE: Sterbeurkunde

A civil status certificate issued on the basis of a medical certificate of death, officially confirming the fact of death. It is required for inheritance proceedings, insurance claims and, in the case of death abroad, the repatriation of remains.

criminal record certificate

KA: ნასამართლობის ცნობაRU: справка о несудимостиDE: Führungszeugnis

A document confirming whether or not a person has a criminal record. It is sometimes needed for a long-stay visa, a residence permit or work abroad as a carer, and in Georgia it is issued by the Public Service Hall and given an apostille.

visa for medical treatment

KA: სამედიცინო ვიზაRU: медицинская виза (виза для лечения)DE: Visum zur medizinischen Behandlung

A visa issued for entering a foreign country for medical treatment, sometimes also for an accompanying person. It usually requires an invitation letter from the clinic, proof that costs are covered, travel insurance and translated medical documents, and requirements vary by country.

Law of Georgia on the Rights of Patients

KA: საქართველოს კანონი პაციენტის უფლებების შესახებRU: Закон Грузии «О правах пациента»DE: Gesetz Georgiens über die Rechte der Patienten

The law that defines patients' rights, including the right to information, informed consent, confidentiality and access to their own medical records. Its official text is available on matsne.gov.ge and will be useful in disputes with clinics.

medical confidentiality

KA: სამედიცინო საიდუმლოება (კონფიდენციალურობა)RU: врачебная тайнаDE: ärztliche Schweigepflicht

The duty of a doctor and clinic to disclose information about a patient's health to a third party only with the patient's consent or in cases provided for by law. For this reason relatives and intermediaries often need the patient's written consent.

disability status assessment

KA: შშმ სტატუსის დადგენა (სამედიცინო-სოციალური ექსპერტიზა)RU: медико-социальная экспертиза (установление статуса инвалидности)DE: Feststellung der Behinderung

The procedure that determines, on the basis of medical documents and an assessment, whether a person has disability status and to what degree. The status may be linked to social assistance and benefits under state programmes.

person with disabilities

KA: შშმ პირი (შეზღუდული შესაძლებლობის მქონე პირი)RU: лицо с ограниченными возможностямиDE: Mensch mit Behinderung

A person with a long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment. A document confirming this status is often needed to obtain funding, social benefits and extra assistance at the airport or from the airline.

forensic medical report

KA: სასამართლო-სამედიცინო ექსპერტიზის დასკვნაRU: заключение судебно-медицинской экспертизыDE: rechtsmedizinisches Gutachten

A forensic medical expert's report on an injury, a state of health or the cause of death, prepared for an investigation or court case. It differs from an ordinary medical certificate, and the procedure for requesting it is also different.

repatriation of remains

KA: ცხედრის გადმოსვენება (რეპატრიაცია)RU: репатриация тела (перевозка тела на родину)DE: Überführung des Leichnams (Rückführung)

Bringing the body of a deceased person from another country back to their home country. This usually requires a medical certificate of death or a death certificate, a sanitary clearance and sometimes consular documents, so the process is often handled by a specialised company.

Public Service Hall

KA: იუსტიციის სახლიRU: Дом юстицииDE: Public Service Hall (Haus der Justiz)

Georgia's centre for state services, where in one place you can obtain civil status certificates, a criminal record certificate and identity documents, request an apostille and use many other public and private services.

complaint about the quality of care

KA: საჩივარი სამედიცინო მომსახურების ხარისხზეRU: жалоба на качество медицинской помощиDE: Beschwerde über die Behandlungsqualität

A written appeal to a clinic's management or the state regulator when the patient or family believes that the care was inadequate or violated their rights. It is best to attach the relevant medical documents and a timeline of events to the complaint.

Funding and insurance

Universal Healthcare Programme

KA: საყოველთაო ჯანდაცვის პროგრამაRU: Программа всеобщего здравоохраненияDE: Allgemeines staatliches Gesundheitsprogramm (Universal Healthcare Programme)

Georgia's state programme that funds part of planned, emergency and outpatient medical care for citizens. The extent of coverage and the co-payment share depend on the type of service and the beneficiary's category, such as age and social status.

Referral Services Programme

KA: რეფერალური მომსახურების პროგრამაRU: программа «Реферальные услуги»DE: staatliches Programm für Überweisungsleistungen (Referral Services Programme)

A state programme that funds treatment not covered by other state programmes, on the basis of individual review. The decision is made by the referral commission based on the medical documents and cost estimate submitted.

referral commission

KA: რეფერალური კომისიაRU: реферальная комиссияDE: Überweisungskommission (Referral Commission)

A commission that reviews citizens' applications for funding under the referral programme and decides how much and on what terms the treatment will be funded. The application must be accompanied by medical documents and a cost estimate.

guarantee letter

KA: საგარანტიო წერილიRU: гарантийное письмоDE: Kostenübernahmeerklärung (Garantieschreiben)

An official letter in which a state programme, insurer or foundation confirms to the clinic that it will cover all or part of the cost of treatment. Clinics often start treatment only after receiving this letter.

co-payment

KA: თანაგადახდაRU: соплатёжDE: Zuzahlung (Eigenanteil)

The part of the cost that the patient must pay themselves when the rest is covered by a state programme or insurance. The co-payment share is often set as a percentage and varies by category.

socially vulnerable status

KA: სოციალურად დაუცველის სტატუსიRU: статус социально незащищённогоDE: Status als sozial bedürftig

A status granted to a family by the Social Service Agency after assessing the family's socio-economic situation. It is linked to cash social assistance and extra benefits in healthcare programmes, such as a reduced co-payment.

rating score

KA: სარეიტინგო ქულაRU: рейтинговый баллDE: Bedürftigkeitspunktzahl (Rating Score)

A score assigned by the Social Service Agency when assessing a family's socio-economic situation, based on the family declaration and a home visit. The lower the score, the more assistance and benefits the family may be entitled to.

Solidarity Fund of Georgia

KA: საქართველოს სოლიდარობის ფონდიRU: Фонд солидарности ГрузииDE: Solidaritätsfonds Georgiens

A fund operating in Georgia that is financed by donations and helps people with serious illnesses, especially children. Funding conditions, required documents and the review procedure are set by the fund's official rules.

National Health Agency

KA: ჯანმრთელობის ეროვნული სააგენტოRU: Национальное агентство здравоохраненияDE: Nationale Gesundheitsagentur

A state agency operating within the Ministry of Health system that runs a large part of the state healthcare programmes, including the Universal Healthcare Programme. Applications related to it are often submitted through the Public Service Hall or an electronic system.

Social Service Agency

KA: სოციალური მომსახურების სააგენტოRU: Агентство социального обслуживанияDE: Agentur für soziale Dienste

A state agency that assesses families' socio-economic situation, assigns the rating score and runs social assistance programmes, including support for persons with disabilities and children deprived of parental care.

cost estimate

KA: ხარჯთაღრიცხვა (კალკულაცია)RU: смета (калькуляция)DE: Kostenvoranschlag

A document prepared by the clinic on the expected cost of treatment, with a detailed list of tests, surgery, medicines and bed-days. When funding is requested, a state programme or foundation almost always asks for its official, signed version.

invoice

KA: ინვოისი (ანგარიშ-ფაქტურა)RU: счёт (инвойс)DE: Rechnung

An official request for payment stating the services provided or planned, the amount, the currency and the bank details. Foundations and insurance companies often transfer money directly to the clinic on the basis of the invoice rather than to the patient.

advance payment (deposit)

KA: წინასწარი გადახდა (დეპოზიტი)RU: предоплата (депозит)DE: Vorauszahlung (Anzahlung)

A sum that a foreign clinic often requests before the patient arrives or before treatment starts, based on the cost estimate. After treatment ends a final settlement is made, with any unused amount refunded or an additional amount paid.

reimbursement

KA: ხარჯების ანაზღაურებაRU: возмещение расходовDE: Kostenerstattung

The refund of money already paid by an insurance company, state programme or foundation after documents proving payment are submitted. For this reason you should keep the originals of all treatment receipts, invoices and bank transfer documents.

health insurance policy

KA: ჯანმრთელობის დაზღვევის პოლისიRU: полис медицинского страхованияDE: Krankenversicherungspolice

A contract between the insured person and the insurance company stating which services are reimbursed, up to what limit and on what conditions. Treatment abroad is restricted in many policies or requires a separate agreement, so check the terms in advance.

travel medical insurance

KA: სამოგზაურო სამედიცინო დაზღვევაRU: медицинская страховка для выезжающих за рубежDE: Auslandsreisekrankenversicherung

Insurance that covers emergency medical costs while travelling, such as sudden illness or injury. It usually does not cover planned treatment abroad, so when travelling for treatment read the policy exclusions carefully.

coverage limit

KA: სადაზღვევო ლიმიტიRU: страховой лимитDE: Deckungssumme (Leistungsgrenze)

The maximum amount an insurance company or state programme reimburses for a particular service, case or period. Costs above the limit are covered by the patient or another source, such as a foundation.

deductible (excess)

KA: ფრანშიზაRU: франшизаDE: Selbstbeteiligung (Selbstbehalt)

The amount the insured person pays themselves for each insured event before the insurance starts paying. It differs from a co-payment because it is usually a fixed sum rather than a percentage of the cost, and it is stated separately in the policy.

crowdfunding

KA: ქრაუდფანდინგიRU: краудфандингDE: Crowdfunding

Raising money through small donations from many people, often via online platforms and social networks. When raising funds for treatment, openly sharing the cost estimate, invoice and spending report significantly increases donors' trust.

charitable foundation

KA: საქველმოქმედო ფონდიRU: благотворительный фондDE: gemeinnützige Stiftung

A non-profit organisation that uses donations to help people, including with funding for treatment. Foundations usually ask for medical documents, the clinic's cost estimate and sometimes a certificate confirming the family's social situation, and often transfer money directly to the clinic.

The glossary is meant to help you understand documents and is not medical advice. Only the treating doctor decides on diagnosis and treatment. In an official translation the translator chooses the term according to context.

Frequently asked questions about the glossary

Can I translate my medical document myself with this glossary?

The glossary helps you understand what a term means and what it is called in another language, but it is not enough for an official translation. The same Georgian word has different exact equivalents depending on context, and a clinic, embassy or insurer often asks for a notarised translation. For personal use the glossary is a good aid, but a document you have to submit should be translated by a professional.

Why is only one translation shown for each term?

For each term the glossary gives the equivalent that foreign clinics and authorities use most often. Synonyms and regional variants exist: some terms differ between British and American English, for example. In an official translation the translator chooses according to the receiving country and the type of document, so the glossary is a guide and not the only correct option.

I cannot find a term. What should I do?

Try searching by the stem of the word or in another language, because the search works in all four languages at once. If the term still does not appear, write to us from the contact page: we will tell you what it means, and we add frequently requested terms in the next update of the glossary. Each update's new terms are checked by a medical translation specialist.

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